This well-established book gives the full text, with latest amendments, of the Acts and Rules relating to weights and measures. The new edition of this work has been updated with all the recent amendments. Useful notes have been given where necessary.
The book includes the full text of the Acts and Rules relating to Weights and Measures. The current edition incorporates the following fresh material:
Indian Institute of Legal Metrology Rules, 1980
Marking of Heavy Packages Act, 1951
Jute Packaging Materials (Compulsory Use in Packing Commodities) Act, 1987
Jute Packaging Materials (Compulsory Use in Packing Commodities) Rules, 1987
Metrology Bill, 2008
U.P. Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Rules, 1990
Delhi Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Rules, 1990
Latest Guidelines on Packaged Commodities Rules
Updated digest of the case-law on the Standards of Weights & Measures and an exhaustive subject index are the other highlights of the book.
The book will be of immense use to the industry and trade, and is recommended for all manufacturing companies (including drug manufacturing companies) and industry, development projects, boards, laboratories, test houses and libraries maintained by them.
Indian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy: This is a rare digest of the law on the subject, which contains the Act, Rules and notifications issued from time to time. This publication, shall surely meet the purpose for which it has been published. The author has, in this book, achieved the same success as in his earlier publications and any common man as well as a lawyer, will find this book a complete compilation on the subject which has been dealt with in detail.
Management Accountant: This book is one of the best publications which would satisfy the need for information about fully amended laws relating to weights and measures in clear terms and in non-technical language. Necessary explanations and notes have been given, where necessary in the text of the sections and clauses, for easy understanding of the matter.
Kerala Law Times: This is an integrated study of the Law Relating to Weights and Measures providing the all comprehensive law in one book and will be widely acclaimed for its rich material and lucid style.
Pioneer (Sunday Magazine): In the present volume, the learned author has provided the relevant commentary under each section and also detailed footnotes at suitable places. The author has done his very best to enable the readers to clearly comprehend the precise character and nature of each specific provision contained in the text of these acts and rules.
Short title, extent and commencement 1 Definitions 1 Provisions of this Act to override the provisions of any other law 6
PART II : ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARDS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
CHAPTER I : STANDARD UNITS
Units of weight or measure to be based on metric system 6 Base unit of length 6 Base unit of mass 6 Base unit of time 6 Base unit of electric current 7 Base unit of thermodynamic temperature 7 Base unit of luminous intensity 7 Base unit of amount of substance 7 Supplementary, derived, special and other units of weight or measure-their symbols, definitions, etc. 7 Base unit of numeration 8 Standard unit of weight or measure 8
CHAPTER II : PHYSICAL REPRESENTATION OF STANDARD UNITS
National prototypes 8 National standards 8 National prototype and national standard how to be kept 8 Reference, secondary and working standards 9 Power of Central Government to prescribe physical characteristics, etc., of weights and measures 9
CHAPTER III : STANDARD WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Standard weight or measure 9 Use of non-standard weight or measure prohibited 9 Manufacture of non-standard weight or measure prohibited 9 Prohibition with regard to inscriptions, etc. 10
CHAPTER IV : CUSTODY AND VERIFICATION OF STANDARD EQUIPMENTS
Supply, etc., of reference standards 10 Preparation and custody of secondary or working standards 10 Verification, stamping, etc., of secondary or working standards 10 Secondary or working standard which may be stamped 11
PART III : APPOINTMENT AND POWERS OF DIRECTOR AND OTHER STAFF
Appointment of Director and other Staff 11 Delegation of powers under Section 28(7) 12 Power of inspection, etc. 12 Forfeiture 12
PART IV : INTER-STATE TRADE OR COMMERCE IN WEIGHT, MEASURE OR OTHER GOODS
CHAPTER I : APPLICABILITY OF THIS PART
Part IV to apply to inter-State trade or commerce only 13
CHAPTER II : GENERAL
Use of weights only or measures only in certain cases 13 Prohibition of quotations, etc., otherwise than in terms of standard units of weights, measures or numeration 13 Any custom, usage, etc., contrary to standard weight, measure or numeration to be void 14 Manufacturers, etc., to maintain records and registers 14 CHAPTER III : APPROVAL OF MODELS
Approval of models 14 Licence to manufacture weights or measures when to be issued 16 Weight or measure to contain number of the approved model, etc. 17 CHAPTER IV : COMMODITIES IN PACKAGED FORM INTENDED TO BE SOLD OR DISTRIBUTED IN THE COURSE OF INTER-STATE TRADE OR COMMERCE
Quantities and origin of commodities in packaged form to be declared 17 CHAPTER V : VERIFICATION AND STAMPING OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES SENT FROM ONE STATE TO ANOTHER
Definitions 18 Verification and stamping of weights and measures sent from one State to another 19 Weight or measure of the first category to be presumed to be correct throughout the territory of India 19 Weight or measure of the first category not to be sold or used in any State unless it is stamped in the transferor State 20 Weights or measures of the second category received from transferor State to be produced before the local Inspector of the transferee State 20 Procedure when any weight or measure is transferred from a transferee State to another State 20 Manufacturers, etc. who send any weight or measure to any other State to submit return to the Controller 21 PART V : IMPORT AND EXPORT OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
CHAPTER I : REGISTRATION OF EXPORTERS AND IMPORTERS
Persons exporting or importing any weight or measure to get themselves registered 21 CHAPTER II : EXPORT AND IMPORT OF WEIGHTS, MEASURES AND COMMODITIES IN PACKAGED FORM
Conditions under which export of non-standard weights and measures and other goods may be made 22 Non-metric weight or measure not to be imported 22 PART VI : OFFENCES AND THEIR TRIAL
Penalty for use of non-standard weights or measures 23 Penalty for contravention of Section 18 23 Penalty for contravention of Section 22 23 Penalty for contravention of Section 23 23 Penalty for contravention of Section 29 23 Penalty for contravention of Section 32 24 Penalty for contravention of Section 33 24 Penalty for contravention of Section 34 24 Penalty for contravention of Section 35 24 Penalty for contravention of Section 36 24 Penalty for manufacture of weights or measures unless approval of model is in force 24 Penalty for contravention of Section 38 25 Penalty for sale, etc., of unverified weights or measures in the course of inter-State trade or commerce 25 Penalty for contravention of Section 39 25 Penalty for contravention of Section 47 25 Penalty for contravention of Section 48 25 Penalty for contravention of Section 49 25 Penalty where no specific penalty is provided 25 Presumption to be made in certain cases 25 Penalty for personation of officials 26 Penalty for giving false information or false returns 26 Vexatious actions 26 Cognizance of offences, etc. 26 Compounding of offences 27 Offences by companies and power of court to publish name, place of business, etc., of companies convicted 27 Provisions of Indian Penal Code not to apply to any offence punishable under this Act 28 PART VII : TRAINING INSTITUTE
Establishment of a training institute and provisions for training thereat 28 Training at other places 29 PART VIII : MISCELLANEOUS
Survey and statistics 29 Conversion of non-metric weights and measures into standard units of weights or measures 29 Non-metric weight or measure not to be mentioned in any document, etc., or to form the basis of any contract after the commencement of this Act 30 Appeals 30 Levy of fees 31 Power to make rules 31 Continuance of certain weights and measures during transitional period 33 Repeal and savings 33 THE SCHEDULE 33 II. STANDARDS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (PACKAGED COMMODITIES) RULES, 1977
CHAPTER I : PRELIMINARY
Short title, extent, application and commencement 36 Definitions 37 CHAPTER II : PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO PACKAGES INTENDED FOR RETAIL SALE
Chapter to apply to packages intended for retail sale 41 Regulation for pre-packing and sale etc., of commodities in packaged form 41 Specific commodities to be packed and sold only in standard packages Declarations to be made on every package 41 Principal display panel-its area, size and letter etc. 44 Declaration where to appear 46 Manner in which declarations shall be made 47 Declaration of name and address of manufacturer, etc. 47 General provisions relating to declaration of quantity 48 Manner in which declaration of quantity shall be expressed 49 Statement of Units of Weight, Measure or Number 51 Unit sale price-How to be determined [Omitted] 53 Additional declarations to be made on combination packages 53 Additional declarations to be made on group packages 54 Additional declarations to be made on multi-piece packages 54 Declarations with regard to dimensions of certain commodities 54 Declaration with regard to dimensions and weight to be made on packages in certain cases 54 Declarations to be made with regard to the number of usable sheets to be stated 54 Declarations with regard to the dimensions of container type commodities-How to be expressed 55 Cases in which the responsibility of marking sale price may be left to the wholesale dealer [Omitted] 56 Provisions relating to wholesale dealers and retail dealers 56 Procedure for examination of and determination of quantity and error in packages at the premises of the manufacturer of packer 57 Action to be taken on completion of examination of packages at the premises of the manufacturer or the packer 58 Action to be taken with regard to packages examined at the premises of the wholesale dealer or retail dealer 59 Establishment of maximum permissible error on packages 60 Deceptive packages to be re-packed or in default to be seized 61 CHAPTER III : PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO WHOLESALE PACKAGES
Declaration to be made on every wholesale package 61 CHAPTER IV : EXPORT AND IMPORT OF PACKAGED COMMODITIES
Declaration on packages intended for export 61 Export packages also to comply with the laws of the country to which they are being exported 62 Restrictions on sale of export packages in India 62 Provisions applicable to packaged commodities imported into India CHAPTER V : EXEMPTIONS
Exemption in respect of certain packages 63 CHAPTER VI : REGISTRATION OF MANUFACTURERS, PACKERS AND IMPORTERS
Registration of manufacturers, packers and importers 64 Registration of shorter address permissible 65 Register of manufacturers and packers, etc 65 Compilation of lists of manufacturers or packers and their circulation CHAPTER VII : GENERAL
Penalty for contravention of rules 65 Power to relax in certain cases 65 FIRST SCHEDULE-Maximum permissible errors in relation to the quantity contained in the individual package 66 SECOND SCHEDULE-Maximum permissible error in relation to packaged commodities not specified in the First Schedule 68 THIRD SCHEDULE-Commodities to be packed in specified quantities 69 FOURTH SCHEDULE-Declaration of quantity in relation to commodities (sold by weight or volume) which may be qualified by the words 'when packed' and the additional information which the package or the label affixed thereto shall bear on it 71 FIFTH SCHEDULE-Exceptions referred to in Rule 12(2) SIXTH SCHEDULE-The manner in which commodities intended to be sold by number shall be packed 73 SEVENTH SCHEDULE-[Omitted] 73 EIGHTH SCHEDULE-[Omitted] 73 NINTH SCHEDULE-Manner of Selection of Samples of Packages 74 TENTH SCHEDULE-Determination of the net quantity of commodities contained in packages 75 ELEVENTH SCHEDULE-Forms 78 APPENDICES 81 COMMODITY INDEX 83 DATES OF ENFORCEMENT OF ACT 60 OF 1976 87 III Standards of Weights and Measures (General) Rules, 1987 CHAPTER I : PRELIMINARY
Short title and commencement 91 Definitions 91 CHAPTER II : SPECIFICATIONS OF STANDARDS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Reference Standards 91 Secondary Standards 91 Working Standards 91 Power to specify any other reference, secondary or working standard measurements 92 CHAPTER III : SPECIFICATIONS OF STANDARD EQUIPMENT
Reference Standard Balances 92 Secondary Standard Balances 92 Working Standard Balances 92 Power to specify the Standard Equipment 92 CHAPTER IV : WEIGHTS OR MEASURES AND WEIGHING AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Weights 92 Measures (other than measuring instruments) 92 Weighing and measuring instruments 93 Weight or measure for domestic use 93 Provisions relating to existing weights and measures 93 Procedure for carrying out calibration of vehicle tanks etc. CHAPTER V : EXPORT AND IMPORT OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Registration of exporter and importer 93 Conditions, etc. for manufacture of a weight or measure exclusively for export 94 Prohibition on sale of non-standard weight or measure within the country 95 Maintenance of record in relation to non-standard weight or measure 95 Sample checking of weight and measure 95 Checking of non-standard weights and measures sample which are to be exported 95 CHAPTER VI : NON-STANDARD WEIGHT OR MEASURE TO BE USED FOR SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OR RESEARCH
Permission to get manufactured non-standard weight or measure for scientific investigation or research CHAPTER VII : MISCELLANEOUS
The manner of disposal of goods seized under this Act 96 Time within which unverified weight and measure to be verified and stamped 96 Register and reports to be maintained by persons referred to in Section 35 96 Scale of fee 96 Use of regional languages 96 SCHEDULES FIRST SCHEDULE
PART I : Reference Standard Weights 97 PART II : Reference Standard Metre Bar 98 SECOND SCHEDULE
PART I : Secondary Standard Weight 100 PART II : Secondary Standard Metre Bar 101 PART III : Secondary Standard Capacity Measures THIRD SCHEDULE
PART I : Working Standard Weights 104 PART II : Working Standard Metre Bar 105 PART III : Working Standard Capacity Measures FOURTH SCHEDULE
PART I : Reference Standard Balances 107 PART II : Secondary Standard Balances 107 PART III : Working Standard Balances 108 FIFTH SCHEDULE
PART I : Weights (Other than Carat Weights) 108 PART II : Carat Weights 119 SIXTH SCHEDULE
PART I : Liquid Capacity Measures 122 PART II : Dispensing Measures 125 PART III : Liquor Measures 128 PART IV : Length Measures (Non-Flexible) 130 PART V : Folding Scales 132 PART VI : Fabric or Plastic Tape Measure 133 PART VII : Steel Tape Measures 136 PART VIII : Surveying Chains 140 PART IX : Tapes for use in measurement of Oil Quantities SEVENTH SCHEDULE Heading A Specifications for Weighing Instruments
PART I : General Requirements 144 PART II : Beam Scales [Omitted] 145 PART III : Counter Machines [Omitted] 145 PART IV : Steelyards 146 PART V : Platform Weighing Machines 147 PART VI : Spring Balances 150 PART VII : Weighbridges 152 PART VIII : Crane Weighing Machines 155 PART IX : Automatic Weighing Machines [Omitted] 157 PART X : Self-Indicating and Semi-Self-Indicating Counter Type Weighing Machines 157 PART XI : Person Weighing Machines 160 PART XII : Totalising Weighing Machines 162 PART XIII : Baby Weighing Machine 163 PART XIV : Wheel Weighers 165 Heading B Specification for Non-Automatic Weighing Instruments
PART I : Terminology 166 PART II : 171 PART III : General Requirements 196 PART IV : Beam Scales 197 Heading C Automatic Weighing Machines EIGHTH SCHEDULE Specification for Measuring Instruments
PART I : Dispensing Pumps 208 PART II : Volumetric Container Filling Machines 210 PART III : Bulk Meters 211 PART IV : Water Meters 212 PART V : Meters for Liquids (Other than Water) 216 PART VI : Volumetric Container Type Liquid Measuring Device 219 PART VII : Clinical Thermometers 220 PART VIII : Manometers of Instruments for Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure (Sphygmonanometers) 223 PART IX : Taxi Meters 225 NINTH SCHEDULE
PART I : Kitchen Scales 229 PART II : Tubular Balances 230 PART III : Bathroom Scales 231 NINTH-A SCHEDULE Procedure for Carrying out Calibration of Vehicle Tanks etc.
PART I : Calibration of Vehicle Tanks for Petroleum Products and Other Liquids 232 PART II : Method for Calibration of Vertical Oil Storage Tanks 234 PART III : Method for Computation of Capacity Tables for Vertical Oil Storage Tanks 243 TENTH SCHEDULE Application Form for Registration of Exporter/Importer of Weights and Measures
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE Register to be Maintained by the Manufacturers/Dealers /Repairer of Weights and Measures
TWELFTH SCHEDULE IV. Standards of Weights and Measures (Approval of Models) Rules, 1987
CHAPTER I : PRELIMINARY
Short title and commencement 253 Definition 253 CHAPTER II : RECOGNITION OF LABORATORIES
General provisions relating to Laboratories 253 Recognition of Laboratories 253 CHAPTER III : APPROVAL OF MODELS
Application for the approval of models 255 Submission of models of weight or measure 256 Tests for the approval of model 257 Procedure for the issue of certificate of approval 257 Procedure where issue of certificate of approval is not recommended Re-submission of disapproved model for approval 258 Contents of a certificate of approval 259 Mark of approval 259 Publication of approval [omitted] 259 Revocation of certificate of approval 260 Suspension of certificate of approval 260 Revocation and suspension of certificates to be published 261 Deposit of model or its drawings 261 Approval of model of imported weight or measure when not necessary [omitted] 261 Provisions relating to weight or measure for which model approval is ordinarily not necessary 261 Provisions relating to testing of substitute materials 261 FIRST SCHEDULE : Recognised Laboratories [omitted] 262 SECOND SCHEDULE : Application for Recognition of Laboratory under the Weights and Measures (Approval of Model) Rules, 1987 [omitted] 262 THIRD SCHEDULE [omitted] 262 V. Standards of Weights and Measures (Inter-State Verification and Stamping) Rules, 1987
Short title and commencement 263 Definitions 263 Classification of Weights and Measures 263 Classification of tank-lorries, tank-wagons or other containers used for the transport of commodities to be sold, delivered or distributed in the course of inter-State trade or commerce 263 Special Seal 263 Fees for Stamping 264 Verification and Stamping-(How to be made) 264 Returns 265 FIRST SCHEDULE : Classes of Weights or Measures Falling within the First Category 265 SECOND SCHEDULE : Special Stamps and Seals "For Trade" and "Not for Trade" for Inter-State Transactions 266 THIRD SCHEDULE : Form of Return to be Submitted by the Manufacturer of Weights, Measures dealing in Inter-State Trade 267 VI. Standards of Weights and Measures (Numeration) Rules, 1987
Short title and commencement 268 Numeration-how to be made 268 Manner in which numbers exceeding three digits (how to be expressed) shall be written in words 268 Manner in which numbers shall be written (how to be written) 268 THE SCHEDULE 269 VII. Standards of Weights and Measures (National Standards) Rules, 1988
CHAPTER I : PRELIMINARY
Short title and commencement 270 Definitions 270 CHAPTER II : UNITS OF WEIGHT OR MEASURE
Rules of Construction 272 Supplementary units 272 Derived units 272 Decimal multiples and sub-multiples of units 272 Permitted units 272 Special units 272 Temporarily accepted units 272 Units which should be progressively discontinued 272 Physical Constants 273 Coefficient and symbol 273 Formation of new units 273 CHAPTER III : NATIONAL STANDARDS
Custody, maintenance, etc. of national standards of weights and measures 273 Realisation and establishment of the national standards of weights and measures based on SI units 273 Custody and maintenance of prototype standards 274 CHAPTER IV : Reference, Secondary and Working Standards
Standards which are to be fabricated by the Mint 275 Places where reference, secondary and working standards be kept 275 Period and manner of verification of reference, secondary and working standards 275 Maintenance of reference, secondary and working standards 275 FIRST SCHEDULE : Supplementary Units and Their Symbols 275 SECOND SCHEDULE : Derived Units and Their Symbols 276 THIRD SCHEDULE : Names, Magnitudes and Symbols of SI Prefixes and principles of use of SI Prefixes 283 FOURTH SCHEDULE : Units Permitted to be used with Base, Supplementary or Derived units 286 FIFTH SCHEDULE : Special Units and Their Symbols 287 SIXTH SCHEDULE : Temporarily accepted Units 287 SEVENTH SCHEDULE : C.G.S. Units with special names 289 EIGHTH SCHEDULE : Units outside the International System 289 NINTH SCHEDULE : Important Physical Constants 290 TENTH SCHEDULE 297 VIII. Notifications under The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976
Date of Enforcement of Act 60 of 1976 299 Date of Enforcement of Act 75 of 1986 302 IX. Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Act, 1985
Preamble 303 CHAPTER I : PRELIMINARY
Short title, extent and commencement 304 Act not to apply to inter-State trade or commerce 305 Definitions 305 Provisions of this Act to override the provisions of any other law except the Standards Act 306 CHAPTER II : APPLICATION OF CONTROLLERS, INSPECTORS AND OTHER OFFICERS
Appointment of Controllers, Inspectors and other officers and staff 306 Power to authorise Inspector to adjust weights or measures 307 Controller and officers appointed under this Act to be public servants Protection of action taken in good faith 307 CHAPTER III : GENERAL PROVISIONS IN RELATION TO STANDARD WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Prohibition of use of weights and measures other than standard weights and measures 307 Use of weights only or measures only in certain cases 307 Prohibition of quotations, etc., otherwise than in terms of standard weight or measure 308 CHAPTER IV : CUSTODY AND VERIFICATION OF STANDARD EQUIPMENTS
Custody and verification of reference standards 308 Preparation of secondary and working standards 308 Verification, stamping and custody of secondary or working standards 308 Secondary or working standard which may not be stamped 309 CHAPTER V : REGISTRATION OF USERS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Persons using weights or measure for transactions or industrial production or of protection to get themselves registered 309 Procedure of registration 309 Punishment for non-registration 310 CHAPTER VI : MANUFACTURE, REPAIR OR SALE OF WEIGHTS OR MEASURES
Prohibition on the manufacture, repair or sale of weights or measures without licence 310 Suspension and cancellation of licence 311 Manufacture of weights or measures 312 Prohibition of sale or use of unstamped weights or measures 312 Manufacturer, etc., to maintain records and registers 313 CHAPTER VII : VERIFICATION AND STAMPING OF WEIGHTS OR MEASURES
Verification and stamping of weights or measures 313 Display of certificate of verification 314 Validity of weights or measures duly stamped 314 CHAPTER VIII : INSPECTION, SEARCH, SEIZURE AND FORFEITURE
Power to inspect 314 Power of Inspector to require production of weight or measure or records for inspection 315 Power of Inspector to enter premises 315 Power to search 316 Power of Inspector to seize any weight or measure 317 Forfeiture 317 CHAPTER IX : PROVISIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SALE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES IN PACKAGED FORM WITHIN THE STATE
Provisions of the Standards Act and the rules made thereunder relating to commodities in packaged form to apply to commodities in packaged form sold or distributed within the State 317 CHAPTER X : PROVISIONS WITH REGARD TO ANY CUSTOM OR USAGE RELATING TO THE SALE OF ANY COMMODITY, WHETHER BY QUANTITY OR NUMBER, AND SALE OF COMMODITIES BY HEAPS
Custom or usage requiring delivery of additional quantities to cease 318 Sale by heaps 318 CHAPTER XI : OFFENCES AND PENALTIES
Penalty for manufacturing, etc. of non-standard weights or measures 318 Penalty for counterfeiting of seals, etc. 318 Penalty for sale or delivery of commodities etc., by non-standard weight or measure 319 Penalty for keeping non-standard weights or measures for use and for other contraventions 320 Penalty for contravention of Section 10 320 Penalty for contravention of Section 11 321 Penalty for contravention of Section 19 321 Penalty for contravention of Section 20 321 Penalty for contravention of Section 21 321 Penalty for contravention of Section 22 322 Penalty for contravention of Section 23 322 Penalty for contravention of Section 24 322 Penalty for contravention of Section 28 322 Penalty for contravention of Section 29 322 Penalty for contravention of Section 30 and 31 322 Penalty for contravention of Section 33 323 Penalty for contravention of Section 35 323 Penalty for tampering with licence 323 Penalty for selling or delivering rejected weights and measures 323 Penalty for personation of officials 323 Penalty for giving false information or maintaining false records or registers 324 Wilful verification or disclosure in contravention of Law 324 Vexatious search 324 Penalty for contraventions not separately provided for 324 Presumption to be made in certain cases 324 When employer to be deemed to have abetted an offence 325 Offences by companies 325 Cognizance of offences 326 Summary trial of certain offences 326 Compounding of offences 326 Provisions of Indian Penal Code not to apply to any offence under this Act 327 CHAPTER XII : MISCELLANEOUS
Transfer or transmission of business 327 Licences neither saleable nor transferable 327 Appeals 327 Levy of fees 328 Delegation of powers 329 Power to make rules 329 Power of State Government to make provisions of the Standards Act relating to approval of models applicable to models of weights or measures intended to be used exclusively within the State Act not to apply in certain cases 331 Repeal and savings