CRIMINOLOGY-CRIME CAUSATION, SENTENCING AND REHABILITATION OF VICTIMS

CRIMINOLOGY : Crime Causation, Sentencing and Rehabilitation of Victims is intended to fill the gap perceived by students in this subject. This book explores and restates the existing ideas and theories in the discipline of criminology. It scrutinizes various established theories and principles related to criminology, and attempts to link them with the Indian legal system. With critical case analysis, this work attempts to construct and de-construct the existing principles of criminology with present day trends in India. Special attention has been paid to issues like police reforms, sentencing, compensation and justice for victims, and their rehabilitation.

Introduction to Criminology

 1 Crime: Definition, Nature and Scope

1 (a) Why Crime?

3 (b) Rules of ‘Social Norms’ and Reasons for Deviance

5 Crime and Deviance: Some Explorations

5 (a) Crime and Theories of Social Deviance

5 (b) Determinism of Behaviour

6 (c) Crime and Religion

7 (d) Crime and Social Structure

8 (e) Crime and Economics: Inter-relationship

9 Criminology: Definition, Meaning and Scope

11 Criminology: A Historical Perspective

12 (a) Jurisprudence of Criminology

13 (b) Radical Criminology

 14 (c) Neo-Classical Criminology

15 Criminology: Objectives and Dynamism

15 (a) Prevalence of Crime

17 (b) Study of Crime and Criminal Justice

 17 (c) Identification of the Causes of Crime-theories

18 (d) Approaches to Crime Problem

18 (e) Focus on Individual and Environment

 18 Criminology: Indian Perspective: Criminal justice System of India

19 (a) Criminology: Penology

 20 (b) Victimology

21 2 Schools of Criminology

23 Pre-Classical School

24 Classical School

 25 Neo-Classical School

 28 Positivist Approach: Radical Positivism and Liberal Positivism

29 (a) Cesare Lombroso

31 CHAPTER PAGE (b) Enrico Ferri

32 (c) Raffaele Garofalo

32 (d) Gabriel Tarde

 34 Clinical School

36 Sociological School

36 (a) Ecological Theory: Anomie Theory of Durkheim and Merton

36 Human Ecology and Crime

37 Social/Cultural Anomie Theory: Robert K. Merton

40 (b) Subculture Theory

42 (c) Routine Activity Theory

43 (d) Conflict Perspective: From Economic Perspective to Post-Modernist Theory in Criminology

43 Critical or Radical Criminology

 46 (e) Learning Theory: Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory

47 (f) Control Theory

 49 (g) Social Learning Theory

50 (h) Labeling Theory

51 (i) Integrated Theory

53 Crime Causation: I (Theory and Practices)

57 Genetic/Biological Theory of Crime Causation

 58 (a) Psychological Approach

 61 (b) Psychopathology

62 Sociological Theory of Crime Causation

 63 (a) Anomie and Strain Theory

64 (b) The Ecological/Social Disorganization Approach

65 (c) Edwin Sutherland’s Differential-Association Theory

 67 (d) Labeling Theory 68 Economics and Crime Causation

 69 (a) Conflict Theory

69 Marxist Approach

70 (b) Radical Criminology

70 (c) Feminism

 70 (d) Control Theories: Hirschi’s Control Theory of Causation

71 (e) Integrated Theories

72 Hate Crimes: Perceived Character and Hate Violence

74 (a) Meaning, Nature and Scope

74 (b) Definition of Hate Crime

77 CHAPTER PAGE (c) Causes of Hate Crimes

81 (d) Hate Crimes and Indian Law

81 (i) Indian Penal Code, 1860

83 (ii) Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 & SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1966

85 (iii) Communal Violence: Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence (Access to Justice and Reparations) Bill, 2011

86 (iv) Special Legislation

87 (e) Judicial Trends

89 Sexual Offences

93 Recidivism

95 4 Crime Causation: II (White Collar Crimes & Organised Crimes)

 97 White Collar Crimes

97 (a) Meaning, Definition and Concept

 97 (b) Sutherland’s Theory: Differential Association Theory

99 (c) Types of White Collar Crime

100 (d) White Collar Crimes and Indian Law

101 (e) Judicial Trends

102 Organised Crimes

106 (a) Meaning, Nature and Scope

106 (b) Definition

106 (c) Organised Crimes and Indian Law

 108 (d) Judicial Trends

109 Cyber Crimes

 110 (a) Definition, Nature and Scope of Cyber Crime

 110 (b) Approaches and theories of cyber crime

112 (c) Impact of Cyber Crimes

113 (d) Cyber Crimes and Indian law

115 (e) Judicial Trends

116 5 Penology: Issues and Concerns

119 Penology: Defined

120 Nature and Scope of Penology

121 Crime Control Mechanism

 124 (a) Constituents of Criminal Justice System

124 (b) Police System

124 (c) Court

125 (d) Public Prosecutor

125 (e) Jail Administration

 125 CHAPTER PAGE Prison Statistics

126 Open Prison

126 Conclusion

 126 6 Police System in India

129 History of Police System

129 Police System and Constituents

132 Nature and Objectives of Indian Police System

132 Civil v. Military Argument

133 Federal Structure of Police

134 Law and Order & Investigation

134 Law Relating to Police Administration

135 Code of Conduct for the Police

136 Police Reforms

138 Commission on Police Reforms

139 Legislative Trends

140 Judicial Approaches

141 Other Directives

141 7 Prison System in India

145 History of Prison System

 145 Jurisprudence of Modern Prison System

146 Types of Prisoners and Prisons

 151 Problems of Prison

152 (a) Over Crowding

152 (b) Problems of Reforms in Prison Inmates

153 (c) Basic Amenities

153 (d) Ignorance in/about Rights of Prisoners

153 (e) Problems of Under-trials

153 (f) Suicide in Prison

154 Prison Reforms

154 (a) Commission on Prison Reforms

154 (b) Jurisprudence of Prison Reform

156 (c) Legislative Trends

156 (d) Judicial Trends

157 Prison Dynamism

 161 (a) Probation

161 (b) Parole

163 8 Sentencing and Penal Policy

165 Sentencing and Penal Policy

165 Sentencing

166 CHAPTER PAGE (i) History of Sentencing: Socio-Religious Context

 167 (ii) Theories of Punishment

168 (a) Deterrence Theory of Punishment

168 (b) Retributive Theory of Punishment

169 Just Deserts

173 (c) Preventive Theory of Punishment

174 (d) Reformative Theory of Punishment

174 On Punishment

175 (i) Justification for Punishment

175 (ii) Forms of Punishment

176 (iii) Sentencing and ‘The Constitution’

176 Punishment and Indian Penal Code

177 Sentencing: Penal Policy of India

 179 (i) Capital Punishment: Rarest of Rare case Doctrine

183 (ii) Punishing Corporate Crimes

188 History of Punishing Corporate Crimes

188 (iii) Punishing Hate Crimes

196 (a) Definition

 196 (b) Basic Premise for defining Hate Crime

196 (c) Nature of Hate Crime and its Intensity

 198 (d) Impact of Hate Violence

198 (e) Theory of Enhancement Punishment

198 (iv) In Juvenile Delinquency

202 9 Victimology: Victim and Victimisation

207 Victim & Victimisation

208 (i) Victim: Definition

209 Victim of Crimes

210 (a) Impact of Victimization: Physical, Economic and Psychological

210 (b) Double/Secondary victimization

211 Victimology: Definition, Nature and Scope

212 Historical Perspective

213 Theories of Victimology

 213 (a) The Precipitation Theory

214 (b) Life-style Theory

215 (c) Deviant Place Theory

215 (d) Routine Activity Theory

 215 Doing Justice: Victim’ Assistance Program

216 (a) Rights of Victims: Approach at International and Municipal Jurisdictions

217 Victim’s Right: United Nations

 217 CHAPTER PAGE A. Victims of Crime

217 B. Victims of abuse of power

218 (b) Fair Trail

222 (c) Compensation

222 (d) Rehabilitation & Victim’s Assistance Program

223 Victims of Crime: Indian Law and Approaches of Criminal Courts

 224 Constitution of India and Rights of Victims

 225 (a) Statutory Provisions: Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and other Laws

227 Access to Justice

227 Participation in Trial

227 Compensation to Victim of Crime

228 Fine & Compensation: Distinguished

229 Right to Appeal 231 Rights of Victims During Trail

232 Rights to Appoint Lawyer for Assisting Prosecution

234 Legal Assistance to the Victim

235 Role of victim at Time of Granting Bail

236 Rights of Victim to Appeal

236 Victims of Abuse of Power: Constitutional & other Remedies

238 Constitutional Remedy

238 Conclusion

241 Bibliography

243 Subject Index